Military Theory ទ្រឹស្តីសឹកសង្គ្រាម

ទ្រឹស្តីសង្រ្គាម ស៊ុនជី

Concept គោលគំនិត	Definition និយមន័យ
Adaptability វាយរង់ចាំឪកាស	Altering or modifying combat operations, in order to find, force, and/or exploit opportunities in consonance with localized conditions, at all levels on the battlefield. Source: Adapted from Dickerson, Brian (2003), “Adaptability – A New Principle of War,” U.S. Army War College: Carlisle, PA.
Detail Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計，始计)	Explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership and management) and seven elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration.
Waging War (Chinese: 作戰，作战)	Explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻，谋攻)	Defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities
Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形，军形)	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
Forces (Chinese: 兵勢，兵势)	Explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實，虚实)	Explains how an army's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area.
Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭，军争)	Explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變，九变)	Focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
Movement and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍，行军)	Describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
The Nine Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻)	Explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the environment as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the five types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間，用间)	Focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.
Agility ប្រើទ័ពកម្មង់ដូ	The ability of friendly forces to react faster than the enemy and is a prerequisite for seizing and holding the initiative. Source: FM 100-5, 1993
Annihilate វាយបកគំហក់	The destruction of the enemy’s forces, whether by death, injury, or any other means—either completely or enough to make him stop fighting. Source: Adapted from Clausewitz, Carl von, 1984, On War, Edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, (227)
Assassination ចូលធ្វើឃាដ	[Peacetime]: Murder of a targeted individual for political purposes. [Wartime]: A decision by the President to employ clandestine, low visibility or overt military force would not constitute assassination if U.S. military forces were employed against the combatant forces of another nation, a guerrilla force, or a terrorist or other organization whose actions pose a threat to the security of the United States. Source: DAJA (27-1A) 02 November 1989, Memorandum of Law, Department of the Army, Office of the Judge Advocate
Attrition វាយកាត់ផ្លូវជាកង់ៗ	A gradual and piecemeal process of destroying an enemy’s  capability. Source: Malkasian, Carter (2002) A History of Modern Wars of Attrition, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, CT, (1)
Audacity ប្រើទ័ពពិសេស	Bold departure from the conventional form; daring originality. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Awesome; Awesomeness វាយបញ្ឆោត	Showing or characterized by reverence, admiration, or fear; exhibiting or marked by awe. Source: Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2013.
Balance មានអ្វីប្រើហ្នឹង	Adjust your end to your means. Source: B.H. Liddell-Hart, 1991, 335
Bold; Boldness ស្ម័គ្រស្លាប់	Courage, daring, fearlessness. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Cohesion កំលាំងសរុប​ មធ្យោបាយសរុប	The bonding together of members of a unit or organization in​such a way as to sustain their will and commitment to each​other, their unit, and the mission. Source: Defense Management​Study Group on Military Cohesion, Cohesion in the US​Military. (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press,​1984), ix.
Control	The function or power of directing and regulating; domination,​command, sway. Source: OED Online, December 2012,​Oxford​University Press.
Cunning	Skill employed in a secret or underhand manner, or for​purposes of deceit; skilful deceit, craft, artifice. Source: OED​Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Decentralization	Delegation of execution authority to subordinate commanders. Source: JP 3-30
Deception, Military	Actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military, paramilitary, or violent extremist organization (VEO) decision makers, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission. (MILDEC) Source: JP 3-13.4, Military Deception, 26 January 2012.
Decisive; Decisiveness	Characterized by decision; unhesitating, resolute, determined. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Demoralize; Demoralization	To lower or destroy the power of bearing up against dangers, fatigue, or difficulties. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Deprive; Deprivation	To divest, strip, bereave, dispossess of a possession. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Depth	Depth is the extension of operations in time, space, and resources. Source: FM 3-0, 2008
Deter	To discourage and turn aside or restrain by fear; to frighten from  anything; to restrain or keep back from acting or proceeding by any consideration of danger or trouble. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Dislocation, Physical	The result of a move which (a) upsets the enemy's dispositions and, by compelling a sudden 'change of front', dislocates the distribution and organization of his forces; (b) separates his forces; (c) endangers his supplies; (d) menaces the route or routes by which he could retreat in case of need and re establish himself in his base or homeland. Source: B.H. Liddell Hart, 1991, 326
Dislocation, Psychological	The impression on the commander’s mind of being trapped, resulting from the effects of physical dislocation. Source: B.H. Liddell-Hart, 1991, 326
Disperse; Dispersion	To cause to separate in different directions. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Economy of Force	Expend minimum essential combat power on secondary efforts in order to allocate the maximum possible combat power on primary efforts. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Energy	Vigor or intensity of action. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Exhaust; Exhaustion	To drain of strength or resources. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Exterminate; Extermination	To destroy utterly, put an end to, to root out, extirpate. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Firepower	The total effectiveness of the fire of guns, missiles, etc., of a military force. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Flexibility	Ensure that both plan and dispositions are flexible--adaptable to circumstances. Source: B.H. Liddell-Hart, 1991, 336
Freedom of Action	The freedom to do what we will (Source : Rogers Albritton,1985 presidential address to APA Western Division, "Freedom of Will and Freedom of Action"); to be free of external constraints.
Initiative	The willingness to act in the absence of orders, when existing orders no longer fit the situation, or when unforeseen opportunities or threats arise. Source: FM 3-0, 2008, (3-3)
Intelligence	The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations. The term is also applied to the activity which results in the product and to the organizations engaged in such activity. Source: JP 1-02, 2012
Intimidate; Intimidation	To render timid, inspire with fear; to overawe, cow; in modern use esp. to force to or deter from some action by threats or violence. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Isolate	Deny an enemy or adversary access to capabilities that enable the exercise of coercion, influence, potential advantage, and freedom of action. Source: FM 3-0, 2008
Legitimacy	Maintain legal and moral authority in the conduct of operations. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Lure	To allure, entice, tempt; To set a trap for (another). Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Maneuver	Place the enemy in a disadvantageous position through the flexible application of combat power. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Mass	Concentrate the effects of combat power at the decisive place and time. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Mobility	The ability of a military force or its equipment to move or be moved rapidly from one position to another. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Morale	A positive state of mind derived from inspired political and military leadership, a shared sense of purpose and values, well being, perceptions of worth and group cohesion. Joint Doctrine Publication 0-01, British Defence Doctrine, (3rd Edition), August 2008, p. 2-3.
Net Assessment	The comparative analysis of military, technological, political, economic, and other factors governing the relative military capability of nations. Source: DoDD 5111.11, December 23,2009
Objective	Direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and attainable objective. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Offensive	Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Paralysis	The state of being powerless; a condition of helplessness or inactivity; inability to act or function properly; an instance of this. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Perseverance	Ensure the commitment necessary to attain the national strategic end state. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Persuasion	The addressing of arguments or appeals in order to induce cooperation, submission, or agreement. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Political Mobilization	The use of persuasion, coercion and other subversive techniques to indoctrinate and arouse the people to support a political program.
Popular Support	Support of the populace.
Position; Positional	A site chosen for occupation by an army or detachment of troops, usually as having strategic value. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Protracted; Protractedness	Lengthened, extended, prolonged in time. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press.
Resolve	Firmness or steadfastness of purpose; determination. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Restraint	Limit collateral damage and prevent the unnecessary use of force. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Security	Prevent the enemy from acquiring unexpected advantage. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Shock	(a) A sudden and violent blow, impact, or collision, tending to overthrow or to produce internal oscillation in a body subjected to it; (b) A sudden and disturbing impression on the mind or feelings. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Simplicity	Increase the probability that plans and operations will be executed as indented by preparing clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders
Speed	Quickness, promptness or dispatch in performance of some action or operation. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Subvert; Subversion	Actions designed to undermine the military, economic, psychological, or political strength or morale of a governing authority. Source: JP 1-02
Superiority; Moral, Physical, Local	The condition of being stronger than or prevailing over someone or something; supremacy over a person, nation, etc. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Surprise	Strike at a time or place or in a manner for which the enemy is unprepared. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Sustainment	The provision of logistics and personnel services required to maintain and prolong operations until successful mission accomplishment. Source: JP 3-0, 2011
Synchronization	Arranging activities in time and space to mass at the decisive point. Source: FM 100-5, 1993
Tempo	Tempo is the relative speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy. Source: FM 3-0, 2008
Terror	(a) The use of organized repression or extreme intimidation; terrorism. (b) The state of being terrified or extremely frightened; intense fear or dread. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Timing	The choice or judgment of when something should be done, especially so as to maximize the chances of achieving one's aims. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Uncertainty	The state of not being definitely known or perfectly clear; doubtfulness or vagueness. Source: OED Online, December 2012, Oxford University Press
Unity of Command	The operation of all forces under single responsible commander who has the requisite authority to direct and employ those forces in pursuit a common purpose.
Unity of Effort	Coordination and coordination toward command objectives, event the participants are not necessarily part of the same command or organization—The product of successful unified actions.
Versatility	The ability of units to meet diverse mission  requirements