កាំជ្រួចការពារអាកាសធុន The Kai Shan - 1 (KS-1) (凯山一号) ប្រទេសខ្លះគេហៅថា HQ 12 កំពុងបំពាក់ឲ្យ កងទ័ពប្រទេសចិន កងទ័ពភូមារ និងកងទ័ព ថៃឡង់ ប្រព័ន្ធនេះបំពាក់អបដោយ រាដាធុន H-200 radar ផលិតនៅប្រទេសចិនដែរ ជាប្រភេទកាំជ្រួចទំនើប ជាកាំជ្រួច ដី-អាកាស ប្រើបានគ្រប់ស្ថានភាពអាកាសធាតុ កំទេចគោលដៅរយៈចម្ងាយ រយៈកម្ពស់ខ្លី និង មធ្យម។ យោងតាមការវិភាគរបស់អ្នកជំនាញនៅ បឹងក្លាដេស គេថាកាំជ្រួចរបស់ភូមារអាចកំទេចគោលដៅជាយន្តហោះ Mig 29 របស់បឹងក្លាដែស និង យន្តហោះធុន F-16 របស់ប្រទេសថៃ។ កាំជ្រួចការពារអាកាសធុន KS-1 មានលក្ខណសម្បត្តិដូចតទៅ៖
១ ចំនុចពិសេសនៃប្រព័ន្ធកាំជ្រួច Leading Features
១ ចំនុចពិសេសនៃប្រព័ន្ធកាំជ្រួច Leading Features
- មានសមត្ថភាព និងលទ្ធភាពខ្ពស់ក្នុងការប្រយុទ្ធ
- បរិមាត្រផ្ទៃត្រូវកំទេចមានទំហំធំ
- ចាប់បានគោលដៅច្រើនក្នុងពេលតែមួយ (អាចនាំក្បាលកាំជ្រួច ០៦ដើម សំដៅគោលដៅចំនួន ០៣ផ្សេងៗគ្នា)
- សមត្ថភាពប្រឆាំងតបជាមួយ Jamming ក្នុងសង្រ្គាមអេឡិចត្រូចនិក
- មានកម្រិតប្រតិបត្តិការខ្ពស់ ក្នុងការចល័ត និងការរៀបចំប្រើពេលខ្លី ដំណើរការប្រព័ន្ធដោយស្វ័យប្រវត្តិ
- តម្រូវការទីធ្លាប្រព័ន្ធកាំជ្រួចតូច និងទាមទារសម្ភារៈបរិក្ខាសឹកបំពាក់អមតិចតួច
ផែ្នកប្រតិបត្តិការសឹក
- កាំជ្រួច ២៤ ដើម
- ស្ថានីយ៍រាដាបញ្ជា ០១
- រថយន្តជើងទម្រដឹកកាំជ្រួច ០៦គ្រឿង
- រថយន្តដឹកជញ្ជូន ស្ទួចកាំជ្រួច ០៦ គ្រឿង
- រថយន្តផ្គង់ផ្គង់ភ្លើងអគ្គីសនី ០២គ្រឿង
- រថយន្តបែងចែក បំលែង ភ្លើងអគ្គីសនី ០១គ្រឿង
ផែ្នកសម្ភារៈបច្ចេកទេស
- រថយន្តសាកល្បងកាំជ្រួច ០១គ្រឿង
- រថយន្តដឹកគ្រាប់កាំជ្រួច ០៣គ្រឿង
- រថយន្តកងជួសជុល ០២ គ្រឿង
- រថយន្តបែងចែក បំលែង ភ្លើងអគ្គីសនី ០១គ្រឿង
- សម្ភារបច្ចេទេសឹក ០១ កំប្លេ
- រថយន្តជួសជុលគ្រឿងអេឡិចត្រូចនិក ០១គ្រឿង
- រថយន្តដឹកគ្រឿងបន្លាស់ ០២គ្រឿង
- រថយន្តសាកល្បង/តេស្តកាំជ្រួច និង ធាតុអាកាស ០១គ្រឿង
៣ លក្ខណះសម្បត្តិកាំជ្រួច KS-1
- រាដាចាប់គោលដៅទំហំ ២មែត្រ
- ល្បឿនកាំជ្រួចហោះសំដៅគោលដៅ ៧៥០ម/វិនាទី
- រយៈកម្ពស់រង្វង់ប្រតិបត្តិការ ០,៣ គម- ២៧ គម
- ចម្ងាយមានប្រសិទ្ធិភាពអប្បបរិមា (គ្រាប់វិលគ្រប់ជុំ) ០៧ គម
- ចម្ងាយរង្វង់ប្រតិបត្តិការអតិប្បរិមា ៣៧ គម (លឿន ៧២០ម/វិនាទី)
- ចម្ងាយរង្វង់ប្រតិបត្តិការអតិប្បរិមា ៤២ គម (លឿន ៤២០ម/វិនាទី)
- ចម្ងាយរង្វង់ប្រតិបត្តិការអតិប្បរិមា ៥០ គម (លឿន ៣២០ម/វិនាទី)
- ចម្ងាយរង្វង់កំទេចនៃក្បាលកាំជ្រួច ក្រោម ៥០ ម
- ប្រូបាប៊ីលីតេកំទេចគោលដៅ(បាញ់ម្តង ១គ្រាប់) មាន ៨៩%
- ប្រព័ន្ធនាំផ្ឡវក្បាលគ្រាប់ ៖ រលកវិទ្យុ
- មធ្យោបាយបាញ់៖ បាញ់លើដែករៃ ឬ បាញ់តាមជើងទម្របាញ់
- រយៈពេលតម្លើងប្រព័ន្ធ៖ ៣០ នាទី
- រយៈពេលរុះរើចេញពីប្រពន្ធ ២០ នាទី
- ទទឹង/មុខកាត់កាំជ្រួច៖ ៤៤០ មម
- បណ្តោយ/ប្រវែងកាំជ្រួច៖ ៥,៦៤៤ មម
- ទម្ងន់កាំជ្រួច៖ ៨៨៦ គក
- ស្ថានភាព/រយកម្ពស់តំបន់ប្រតិបត្តិការសឹក ០មែត្រ- ៣,០០០ មែត្រលើនីវូទឹកសមុទ្រ
- សីតុណ្ហភាព៖ -៤០ អង្សារសេ ដល់ + ៥០ អង្សារសេ
- សំណើមបរិយាកាស៖ តិចជាង ៩៥% (សីតុណ្ហភាព + ៥០ អង្សាសេ)
- ល្បឿនខ្យល់៖ តិចជាង ២០ម/វិនាទី
- ភាពធន់នៃកាំជ្រួច៖ អាចប្រយុទ្ធក្នុងពេលភ្លៀង ធ្លាក់អ័ព្ទ ព្រិល និង មេឃស្រអាប់មានល្អងធូលីដី។
កាំជ្រួចការពារអាកាសធុន KS-1
- ប្រព័ន្ធរ៉ាដា ១ គ្រឿង (ចាប់គោលដៅ ១៥០ គម?) ត្រូវមានរាដាស៊ើបការពង្រាយតាមព្រំដែន បញ្ជូនពត័មានទៅរដា ធំរបស់ជាតិ រួចបន្តទៅរដាតាម ភូមិភាគ បន្ទាប់ទើបបញ្ជូនចូលរាដា កាំជ្រួចនេះ
- ទម្ងន់ Weight: 900 kg
- ទម្ងន់ក្បាលគ្រាប់ Warhead: > 100 kg
- ប្រវែង Length: 5.6 m
- មុខកាត់ Diameter: 0.4 m
- ល្បឿន Speed: 1,200 m/s
- Maneuverability: > 20 g
- ល្បឿន Maximum target speed: 750 m/s
- Maximum target maneuverability: > 5 g
- ចម្ងាយអតិបរិមា Maximum range: > 50 km
- ចម្ងាយអប្បបរិមា Minimum range: 100 m
- កម្ពស់អតិបរិមា Maximum altitude: > 25 km
- កម្ពស់អប្បបរិមា Minimum altitude: < 500 m
- KS-1: The initial version with a SJ-202 engagement radar, which adopts a simple horn instead of a lens arrangement, the missile seeker has a traditional parabolic antenna, and can guide up to two missiles against one target. Range is in excess of 40 km. The KS-1 resembles the US SM-1 or SM-2 Standard.
- KS-1A has a range of 50 km and engagement altitude of 24 km.
- KS-1C was developed by the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC). Range was increased to 70 km, and engagement altitude to 27 km.
- HQ-12: A derivative of the KS series that utilizes the SJ-202/212 radar.
- HQ-22: The HQ-22 (export version FK-3) is China’s new generation medium-range, radar-guided surface-to-air missile. It is a second-generation variant of the HQ-12, has a range of up to 170km and an effective altitude from 50 m to 27 km. It is relatively cheaper to produce than the HQ-9 and will form one of the mainstays of China’s air defense system, replacing the Cold-War era HQ-2. Command guidance/semi active radar homing guidanc
From Kaishan No. 1 to Red Flag Twelve! (2007-12-15 13:57:09)Reprint
label: Military/speaking
From Kaishan No. 1 to Red Flag Twelve!From Kaishan No. 1 to Red Flag Twelve!The 80th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was held on July 16th at the Chinese People's Military Museum in Beijing. At the exhibition, the Kaishan No. 1 air defense missile turned into a red flag-12, which made people fall into the glasses. This has long been doubtful. Is the model really a phoenix? When did Kaishan No. 1 get the favor of the People's Liberation Army? !
The KS-1 air defense missile system officially appeared as the Red Flag-12. It is related to the previous report on the planned introduction of the air defense system in Malaysia. Therefore, despite the relatively low-key display of the system, it does not offset the enthusiasm of people. The Kaishan No. 1 Weapon System is known for its ability to combat all-weather capability in all airspace and to simultaneously intercept and intercept multiple targets. It can also intercept air-to-ground missiles. It is China's first air defense missile using phased array radar technology, so it is technically one of the most advanced domestically produced missiles in the mainland. The SJ-202 radar used by the KS-1 missile has a maximum search distance of 115 kilometers and a maximum tracking distance of 80 kilometers. The shape of the missile is close to that of the British short sword. In addition to the close range, the performance is better than that of the Taiwan Tiangong-I.
After 20 years of wind and rain, after suffering, our army is also equipped with KS-1, and the number is actually HQ-12! It is gratifying that the HQ-12 and the foreign trade type KS-1/1A are still different. The Kaishan No.1 of our military equipment is the active seeker terminal guidance, instead of being replaced with the red flag of the solid engine. 2, the head of the general assembly called "landmark things."
Looking back, I have been in the business for more than 40 years, and the model number has reached more than 200. What is the result? The "Red Flag" 2, which has a history of several decades, is still persisting in its main force and wants to make it sour! What is gratifying is that now Hongqi-2 has finally succeeded in the red flag-12 of Kaishan No.1 evolution!
The origin of the KS-1 air defense missile system plan
CADT began developing the KS-1 surface-to-air missile system in the early 1980s. CADT is the National Defense Technology Research Institute, China's top surface-to-air missile design and manufacturer. It is located in the western suburbs of Beijing and is affiliated to China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC). It is also called China Changfeng Machinery and Electronic Technology Research Institute or Aerospace Second Institute. . The KS-1 surface-to-air missile was first tested in 1989. In 1991, the missile was first shown to the public at the Paris Air Show. The KS-1 surface-to-air missile system development plan was initially finalized in 1994, but because the missile had many unsatisfactory performances, there were no orders for PLA.
The size of the KS-1 is comparable to that of the Russian S-300, but its performance is very inferior to that of the S-300. Although some reports that a small number of missiles were used for testing and evaluation have been delivered to the PLA in 1990, there is widespread doubt as to whether the missile will eventually be accepted by the PLA.
In the late 1990s, CADT began to develop the KS-1A improved model, which was then marketed to the export market by China National Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CPMIEC). In December 2005, Chinese state media reported that Malaysia had agreed to purchase the Chinese KS-1A surface-to-air missile system. This is the first time that the Kaishan air defense system has been officially recognized and the first order!
It is said that the LY-60 and KS-1 are both missiles in the Red Flag series, and the "Red Flag" title has been cancelled because it is not listed. It is not unreasonable to see Kaishan from turning into a red flag-12 from the military expo.
Kaishan ground-to-air missile performance
The Kaishan Ground-to-Air Missile System is an advanced air defense system with multi-target interception and tracking capabilities. Each combat unit has 24 missiles. The missile warhead exceeds 100 kilograms and can turn at 20G. The maximum speed is less than 4 times the speed of sound (less than 1200 meters). / sec), can attack 750 m / s for 5G maneuvering target. The missile uses less smoke granules to reduce the slashing and interference of the tail flame on the TVM pilot signal.
The KS-1 uses the SJ-212 phase array search/guide radar. The radar has a search distance of 115 kilometers, a tracking distance of 80 kilometers, a guiding distance of more than 50 kilometers (the effective range of the missile is 42 kilometers), an azimuth scanning angle of 120 degrees, a beam width, and an operating frequency estimate of the G-band, some data and patriotism. The MPQ-5 radar is similar, and even the radar elevation angle (67.5 degrees) may be the same. The two are similar in appearance, with a nearly circular main antenna array for searching, but the SJ-202's IFF antenna is mounted above the main antenna, rather than the MPQ-53 device below, and the shape is not the same. But they all work in the L-band, the anti-jamming sidelobe cancellation array SJ-202 is three rectangles, placed under the main antenna, and the MPQ-53 is placed in three places, the number is five, and the shape is six-angle. Responsible for the TV M's guiding antenna, the MPQ-53 has only one on the lower right, but the SJ-202 has three left and right upper corners and three lower right. The former can control three missiles at the same time. The latter should be able to guide two missiles. The entire radar can guide six missiles and attack three to six targets at the same time. It has strong anti-jamming and anti-air-to-surface missile capabilities.
The system is designed to combat aircraft and helicopters at altitudes ranging from 500 meters to 25,000 meters. The KS-1 can also combat airborne tactical missiles. The single-chamber, double-thrust solid missile, weighing 886 kilograms, can engage a target flying at a low altitude of 0.5 km and an altitude of 25 km, with a range of 7 to 42 km (KS-1A 50 km) and a maximum speed of 1,200. The basic KS-1 is guided by SJ-212 3D phased array radar with a search distance of 115 km, a tracking distance of 80 km and a guidance distance of 50 km. The radar works in the G-band and can guide six missiles to attack three to six targets. It is also said to have an impressive anti-jamming capability. The improved KS-1A is guided by a more advanced HT-233 3D C-band single pulse planar phased array radar.
The improved KS-1A is guided by a more advanced HT-233 3D C-band single-pulse planar phased array radar operating at 300 MHz bandwidth and a search distance of 120 km and a tracking distance of 90 km. It can find targets in azimuth (360 degrees) and pitch angles (0 to 65 degrees). Linked to the Brigade Command and Control Center, it can track approximately 100 air targets and can simultaneously target more than 50 targets.
Analysis of the Reasons for Kaishan No.1 Regaining Military Appreciation
At the military exhibition, the KS-1 air defense missile system officially appeared as Red Flag-12, and it was mentioned in the previous period about Malaysia's plan to introduce the air defense system. Therefore, although the system's exhibition is quite low-key, it can't offset it. The enthusiasm of people.
In 1998, China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation first brought the model of the KS-1 air defense missile system to the Zhuhai Air Show for display. Because the system adopted the phased array radar that was not common in China at that time, and it was the only medium-to-high-range air-to-air missile system that was publicly disclosed after China’s “Red Flag”-2, it was widely concerned by people at home and abroad. . Since then, although every time the Zhuhai Air Show will routinely exhibit the KS-l system model, no more detailed information has been revealed. During the period, the KS-1A appeared again, and the developers did not talk about the difference between the two. Until recently, the on-board missile launcher was exhibited and no excessive parameters were disclosed. For a long time, the parameters and development of the KS-l air defense system by the developer not only did not disclose further, but it was even tighter. It seems that the system may be adopted by the military.
According to the current technical standards, the KS-1 air defense system seems to be very disappointing, as if it is a one-off, but we are not difficult to find, Kaishan No.1 is a cost-effective product based on mature technology, improved The latest products can be equipped with large units to replace the Red Flag-2 anti-aircraft missiles that have been in service.
1. Cost-effective and mature technology
From the launching device, the Kaishan No. 1 air defense system uses an old double-mounted single-arm rotary launcher. Later, the launcher was mounted on a heavy-duty off-road truck to form a self-propelled "Red Flag"-6l. Double-mounted launcher. The anti-aircraft missiles used by the KS-l are also quite satisfactory, and there is no place for too much color. In recent years, foreign high-speed anti-aircraft missiles have adopted a tail-rudder layout, which has smooth body and low resistance. The KS-l uses a conventional normal aerodynamic layout with the wing at the rear of the center of gravity and the tail with the tail. The third unbelievable part of the KS-1 air defense system is that although the phased array radar is used, the whole process of radio command guidance is still followed.
The overall design and performance have lagged behind the KS-1 of the times. Today it should be a pure foreign trade product. It is a blessing to export to Malaysia. I didn’t expect to turn into a red flag-12 now, and become our own self-use game! The reason may be that the HQ-9 capacity is seriously insufficient, and a large number of HQ-2 missile battalions are in urgent need of replacement. As a cost-effective air defense missile, Kaishan can match the red flag nine in the future.
The overall performance of the KS-1A is close to the Tiangong-1 of Taiwan's imitation Patriots, and the Tiangong-1 has significantly reduced performance compared with the US Patriots. In other words, the basic performance of the KS-1 is not far from the initial model of the "Patriot" used by the United States in the Gulf War 17 years ago! If the latest KS-1A data is used for comparison, the weight of the bomb is close to that of the Taiwan Army's Tiangong 1, and the maximum shot height is similar, but the minimum shot height is lower than the Tiangong 1 by more than one grade - KS1A It is 500 meters and the Tiangong 1 is 30 meters! This means that the KS-1A can deal with a very single type of target, that is, there is no anti-missile capability that is now highly advocated. Even if it is limited, it can't beat low-altitude attack aircraft and cruise missiles, but can only play medium and high altitude. s plane. Therefore, it has to be equipped with a number of other types of low-altitude air defense missiles - not only to compensate for the fire zone, but also to protect the position of the KS-1 itself. As for the range, the bomb is 10 kilometers smaller than the Tiangong 1 and 30 kilometers smaller than the Patriot's initial type!
The "Patriot" initial type is program + command + TVM semi-active composite guidance, KS-1A has radar, TV radar, infrared image radar, TV or infrared image manual tracking four + full-range radio command guidance. The Patriot PAC2 also has an all-weather, full-air combat range and enhances the ability to intercept high-performance aircraft, air-to-ground missiles, cruise missiles and even tactical ballistic missiles. By the time of the PAC3 phase, the Patriots had become the world's first low-level theater missile defense system with direct impact and killing, and the ability to intercept aircraft and cruise missiles. PAC3 will replace the PAC2 missile and become the main battle model of the US Army's land-based low-level theater missile defense system in the early 21st century. The performance of the KS1A with little difference in development time can only look at its performance.
The phased array radar of the KS1A is relatively good in performance, but the performance of the missile itself is not so strong, so that some people say that the KS1A "HQ-2 of the solid rocket engine version" is wasting such a good radar.
Let's briefly compare the parameters of the Patriot's initial type, Tiangong and KS-1A:
Patriot type
A missile fire unit can simultaneously monitor 100 targets and intercept multiple targets with 8 missiles.
Guidance mode radar guidance, through missile tracking
Weight 1000 kg
The length of the bomb is 5.3 meters
Combat height 24 km (maximum) 300 m (minimum)
Combat distance 80 to 100 km (maximum) 3 km (minimum)
Flight speed 5 to 6 Mach
Propulsion system solid rocket motor
Warhead 68 kg, high explosive type
Kaishan "-1A
Can simultaneously guide 6 missiles at the same time to attack 3 to 6 targets simultaneously
Weighs 900 kg
5.6 meters in length
0.4 m in diameter
Wingspan 1.2 m
Maximum flight speed greater than Mach 4
Maximum maneuver overload 20G
Missile with a minimum range of 7 kilometers
The maximum range is 50 kilometers
Minimum effective combat altitude of 500 meters
The maximum effective combat height is 27,010 meters
The missile warhead weighs more than 100 kilograms and uses a high rupture disc warhead with a radio proximity fuze.
Target maximum speed of 750 m / s, mobile overload 5G target Sky bow type 1 Guidance mode middle section command + semi-active radar seek
Weight 950 kg
The length of the bomb is 5.3 meters
Bomb diameter 410 mm
Combat height 23 km (maximum) 30 m (minimum)
Combat distance 60 km
Flight speed Mach 3.5
Propulsion system 1 solid rocket motor
90 kg of warhead, high explosive type
Comparison with Russian air defense system
In the fight for the Malaysian market, “Kaishan” was recognized after bidding with the Russian BUK-M1-2 medium-range air defense missile system. When it comes to competition with foreign products, many people first think of the price advantage of Chinese products. In fact, since the 1990s, high-tech equipment has shown great power in previous local wars, and most countries have begun to put the technical level of weapons rather than price in the first place. China’s exports of military products in recent years have mostly opened up the situation with advanced technology and performance. Therefore, "Kaishan" must have unique performance in order to overcome the performance of the BUK-M1-2.
The BUK-Ml-2 is an air defense missile system between 9K37 BUK (SA-11) and BUK-M2 (SA-17). A BUK-M1-2 combat unit uses a 9Sl8Ml-l phase. Target search radar and 9S470M1-2 accusation center, up to 6 9A310Ml-2 launching illuminating vehicles (one vehicle can illuminate and shoot one target), up to six 9A39Ml launch/loading vehicles, and missiles can be fired if necessary. The system can be used with 9M38Ml and 9M317 missiles. Compared with the specific technical and tactical performance of KS-l and BUK-M1-2, the Russian system exceeds KS-l in many indicators.
In the KS-l system, only one phased array radar completes the search, tracking, and guidance tasks. The system is greatly simplified, and the cost and system maintenance are better than the BUK-M1-2.
Malaysia finally chose KS-l, there must be a price factor, but it must also look at some of the unique features of Zhongkai.
2. Phased array radar:
Kaishan is the first air defense missile system in China that uses phased array radar. The Kaishan system has a phased array radar similar to the Patriot, and is the most mysterious thing.
The United States has always suspected that the guidance radar of the Chinese KS-1 air defense missile uses the technology of the American "Patriot" system. Probably because the guidance radar used by the KS-1 is similar in appearance to the AN/MPQ-53 phased array radar of the Patriot system. In the mid-1990s, probably before and after the "Kayshan" system first exhibited the model, a US report accused China of "plagiarizing" "Patriot" technology, and specially dispatched a investigation team to Israel. The United States believed that China received it from Israel. Detailed information on the "Patriot" air defense system.
In addition to price and other factors, “Kaishan” is able to beat the BUK-M1-2 in Malaysia largely because of its advanced multi-function phased array radar. According to the data on the Zhuhai Air Show, the guidance radar used by the KS-l is the H-200 type guidance station. The radar is much more complicated than the BUK-M1-2 illuminating radar. It uses frequency agility, sidelobe cancellation, blanking, advanced anti-interference algorithms and other technologies. It has strong anti-interference ability, high average power and long-distance "Burn through distance", can fight in a complex electromagnetic environment. In contrast, although the Russian side claimed that the BUK-M1-2 also has good anti-interference ability, it still backed up the light sighting system, showing that it has insufficient confidence in its anti-interference performance.
3. Radar active seeker terminal guidance
The Kaishan No. 1 of our military equipment is the radar active seeker terminal guidance, which is called “a landmark thing” by the head of the assembly. In the first missile flight test of Kaishan, the design of the seeker and receiving transponder was comprehensively tested, and the active seeker terminal guidance was realized for the first time in the ground-to-air missile. This is very epoch-making in the history of China's defense air-to-air missile research. The meaning.
Let's take a look at the radar seeker technology:
The radar seeker acts as a missile-loading sensor to detect the target, extract the tracking data from the received signal, and calculate the command and signal generated by itself to control the missile flight. As the missile approaches the target, a fixed missile aiming angle error will cause the line of sight error to decrease. Radar seekers, while more complex than the on-board equipment of the guidance and radio command guidance system, provide higher guidance accuracy.
The air strikes of the 1950s were dominated by high-altitude aircraft intrusion. The first generation of long-range, high-altitude air-to-air missiles and air-to-air missiles in the United States began to be equipped with radar seekers, effectively improving the accuracy of high-altitude air defense missiles. The radar seeker developed at this stage is mainly a non-coherent active pulse radar, and a magnetron transmitter is often used, which has a long working distance. Its non-coherent pulse wave system is simple in technology, and its ability to detect weak and small target echoes from clutter background is poor, so it can only deal with large warships and high-altitude aircraft. Some air-to-air missiles in the United States begin to adopt continuous wave cone sweep semi-active radar seekers. , using Doppler technology to improve low-altitude performance. The first stage of the terminal guidance radar uses a tube circuit, which is bulky, bulky, consumes a lot of energy, and has poor anti-interference ability. Typical models: the US long-range high-altitude ground-to-air missile "Pomak", the air-to-air missile "Sparrow" AIM-7B, the former Soviet anti-ship missile "Sty River", "Sandok" active radar seeker.
In the 1960s and 1970s, in order to avoid the attack of high-altitude ground-to-air missiles, air-raid aircraft were mainly made up of low-altitude or low-altitude penetrations in order to use the cover of strong clutter to invade. The non-coherent active pulse radar seeker can no longer be adapted. The air defense missile needs a seeker with good ground clutter resistance; the air attack group and the intruder ship cast electronic interference, and the missile's terminal guidance radar is required to have anti-interference ability. The anti-aircraft missile radar seeker is represented by a continuous wave inverted single-pulse semi-active radar. Inverted reception improves the ability to resist ground clutter and human clutter, and single-pulse technology improves the ability to resist angle deception, thus improving the performance of low-altitude, low-altitude air-to-air missiles and air-to-air missiles; anti-ship missile fixed pulse waveform The active radar seeker generally adopts frequency agility and single pulse technology to improve the anti-interference ability; the circuit realizes semiconductorization, adopts digital circuit, reduces the cost, reduces the weight, and improves the guiding precision. Typical models: radar seekers for missiles such as "Improved Hawk" in the United States, "Sky Flash" in the United Kingdom, and "Aspen" in Italy.
In the early 1980s - in the late 1980s, in order to deal with multi-target air strikes, air defense weapon systems were required to rapidly launch multiple autonomous missiles in a short period of time to enhance firepower. Air defense missiles were required to deal with multi-airspace (especially low-altitude, ultra-low altitude) invasions. The target; able to resist strong interference; can deal with small targets (including stealth aircraft) attacks. The US surface-to-air missiles began to adopt the initial segment procedure, the mid-range command, and the composite guidance method of the final TVM. TVM guidance is essentially a variant of semi-active homing guidance system, and it is a kind of transit guidance. The newly designed surface-to-air missiles of the US, the former Soviet Union and Western Europe use multi-function phased array radar to guide and use radio commands. Pulse Doppler radar is used as the system for terminal guidance. The new air-to-air missiles also use active pulse Doppler radar seekers in order to achieve multiple targets outside the zone and achieve "post-launch" and down/down capabilities. The active radar seeker of the third stage is technically improved compared with the active radar seeker of the first stage. The coherent transmitter of the main amplification chain replaces the non-coherent magnetron transmitter, which greatly improves the number. The ability to suppress ground and sea clutter improves low-altitude performance. Speed resolution is used instead of distance resolution, which improves the ability to distinguish targets. The millimeter wave seeker is developed to equip anti-cluster tanks and air defense precision guided weapons. Solid-state circuits and digital circuits and slotted waveguide antenna arrays are widely used to reduce The weight of the seeker is reduced, and the volume is reduced. The programmable missile-borne computer is equipped to adaptively control the radar parameters to adapt to various combat environments and enhance anti-interference performance. Typical models: Radar seekers for "Patriot" missiles, "immortal birds", "advanced medium-range air-to-air missiles", and "Wasp" (WASP) missiles.
The great role of precision guided weapons equipped with radar, infrared, laser and TV seekers in the Gulf War has played a strong role in the high-tech local conventional warfare. It has a strong incentive and influence on the research and production of armaments in various countries. Many countries are targeting various kinds of wars in the Gulf War. The research plan is being adjusted for problems exposed by precision guidance technology. At the same time, the development of monolithic microwave integrated circuits and the batch production of millimeter wave technology have matured, and the rapid development of high-speed microprocessors has created extremely favorable conditions for the development of radar seekers, and some new trends have emerged.
In general, the United States is a world leader in all aspects of radar seeker technology. The US Department of Defense's "Microwave/Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuit Program", "Ultra High Speed Integrated Circuit Program", "Manufacturing Technology Program", and "High Sensitivity Radar" programs provide powerful components and components for the development of US radar seekers. Technical Support. Since the 1980s, the transceiver module of hybrid microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits has been mainly developed. In the 1990s, GaAs monolithic microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuits will become the focus of radar seeker equipment. At the same time, under the leadership of the US Star Wars Program (now renamed the "Ballistic Missile Defense" program), especially the development of the third generation of kinetic energy interceptor technology proposed by the United States in 1992, namely "capable interceptor"; and the theater of war The missile defense system has a huge driving effect on the development of the radar seeker. Millimeter wave technology has reached the point where radar can be manufactured. The manufacturing technology of 94GHz millimeter wave transmitter and receiver has moved toward the microwave millimeter wave monolithic integrated circuit stage. The problem now is to further develop the manufacturing base to reduce costs. Synthetic Aperture Radar seekers have been prototyped, and Lidar has entered the "Research and Development System" phase. Multi-sensor composite seekers have also achieved research results and are working on intelligent seekers that automatically identify targets.
Russia is advanced in the concept of laser radar and has innovations, but their corresponding technological foundations lag far behind the United States. The overall level of its high sensitivity radar is average.
France, Germany, and the United Kingdom are more advanced in the research of radar seeker technology. They have reported on the research of synthetic aperture radar and inverse synthetic aperture radar, and are implementing a technical basic plan to identify targets in a strong clutter environment.
For the first time, China's Kaishan system adopts radar active seeker terminal guidance, which is consistent with the world's advanced level and has quite epoch-making significance.
4. High-power digital servo system
Kaishan system adopts the most advanced computer control technology, pulse width modulation technology, photoelectric isolation technology, angle measurement technology, thyristor rectification technology, electromagnetic shielding technology and PID adjustment technology. The system is simple in design, high in control precision and strong in adaptive ability. This high-power digital servo system can be widely used in ground-to-air missile launchers, ground gun launchers, and ship launchers.
5. The future has broad prospects for improvement
According to the current development trend of air defense systems, there should be three development directions:
First, increase the range: KS-1 disclosed its range of 42 kilometers after its first exhibition. Compared with most of the world's large air defense systems, the range is low. The maximum range of 42 km of the KS-l system is usually for large slow-moving targets. The lateral overload is not a large missile, and the mobility at the end of the range is further reduced. Therefore, for the three-generation fighters with high mobility, The effective range may not reach this value. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the dynamic range and maneuverability of the missile. In this regard, "Kaesan" has great potential to be dug.
The "Kaishan" system uses a missile with a total length of 5.6 meters, a diameter of 400 mm and a weight of 900 kg. By maintaining this volume, by optimizing the flight trajectory and improving engine fuel, it is possible to achieve a range of 70 kilometers or more (the Patriot PAC-2 with a weight of about 1,000 kilograms has a range of 100 kilometers). At the beginning, the 48N6E missile used in the S-300PMUl did not increase the charge compared to the SV300L missile of the S-300PMU. However, by adopting a high-throw "quasi-best ballistic", the range has doubled. Of course, the changes in the missile system "have taken the lead and moved the whole body." The guidance radar also needs to increase the power, and to change the guidance mode and control rate, it can be said that the entire system must be "re-committed" again. This "improvement" may have been the original intention of the developer, but due to factors such as time and technology, KS-l and KS-1A were first introduced. After the technology and timing were mature, the improved range with increased range was introduced.
The second improved direction vertical box launch: With China's breakthrough in microelectronics technology, advanced solid-state engine technology and advanced aerodynamic layout research, it is possible to develop a smaller, more maneuverable, and longer range. New missile. Then use the gradually mature vertical launch technology or the box-like launch system like the "Patriot". The single launcher can carry 4 to 6 bombs and change the guidance station to self-propelled. Basic missions can be completed with two launchers, guidance stations and control centers, and the necessary calibration vehicles. Such a system will greatly increase the mobility of the system and reduce exposure opportunities, thereby increasing the probability of survival in combat.
The third improvement is that after Kaishan adopts box-type vertical launch technology, it can also be used above. Because its own advanced phased array radar has the same connection with the new phased array, the Kaishan ship will launch vertically. The model can also be used as an air defense weapon for old warships and new frigates.
The Red Flag-12 surface-to-air missile weapon system evolved from Kaishan is an all-weather, medium-high-altitude, medium-range air defense weapon. It is mainly used for carrying out field and field air defense missions, intercepting third-generation combat aircraft, helicopter gunships and high-altitude drones. Can independently take on air defense missions.
At present, the main force of the air defense missiles of the Army is HQ-2 and HQ-7. A small number of HQ61s are in service. HQ7 and HQ61 are short-range low-altitude air defense missiles. The fire coverage is small, and the range of their respective radar systems is small. KS- The addition of 1 can only present HQ7+
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